• For all three fluorescent dyes used the double labeled

  2024-07-25

  

  For all three fluorescent dyes used, the double-labeled UQ-bodies showed higher antigen responses. A plausible mechanism for the higher quenching observed for the double-labeled UQ-bodies is the dye-dye quenching due to H-dimer formation [19] between the two dyes introduced into the Fd and L chains.

• br Polymorphic variation ERAP is polymorphic and

  2024-07-25

  

  Polymorphic variation ERAP1 is polymorphic and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its gene that encode amino Probucol changes have been associated with predisposition to a variety of diseases, ranging from viral infections to cancer and autoimmunity (Alvarez-Navarro and Lopez de Ca

• Gliomas and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Aldehyde dehydrogenases A

  2024-07-24

  

  Gliomas and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are key metabolic enzymes involved in regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways as well as in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes, regulating cell function and homeostasis. ALDHs play important roles in

• br HIF HIF signaling in cancer cells contributes to

  2024-07-24

  

  HIF-1α HIF-1α signaling in cancer cells contributes to tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells via secreted modulators 36, 37. One example of a HIF-1α immunosuppressive pathway is through increased expression of inducible n

• br Introduction Psychostimulant abuse and

  2024-07-24

  

  Introduction Psychostimulant abuse and addiction remain a societal problem in the United States. The latest statistics from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicate that slightly less than one million people over the age of 12 report having a cocaine use disorder (NSDUH, 2016). Additio

• The activation of the A BR subtype

  2024-07-24

  

  The activation of the A2BR subtype triggers different intracellular metabolic pathways, often linked to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased levels of intracellular cAMP (Lynge et al., 2003, Bernareggi et al., 2015). The nAChR-channel CH5138303 mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway was repor

• Introduction The cytoskeleton allows cells to establish main

  2024-07-24

  

  Introduction The cytoskeleton allows cells to establish, maintain and transform their shape. In neurons, these include cell differentiation, migration, polarization and development of their unique arborization. Axons are very thin (~1 μm), long (up to 1m) and highly branched (>95% of the plasma mem

• The total IgG concentration decreased from a mean

  2024-07-24

  

  The total IgG concentration decreased from a mean of 997 mg/100 ml before treatment to a mean of 696 after treatment in the MuSK+MG patients, and from a mean of 1736 mg/100 ml to a mean of 802 mg/100 ml in the AChR+MG patients (normal values 723–1685 mg/100 ml). This decrement was also statistically

• The pathogenesis of d penicillamine induced MG is not clear

  2024-07-24

  

  The pathogenesis of d-penicillamine-induced MG is not clear. The repertoire of anti-AChR lp-pla2 in d-penicillamine-induced MG has been shown to be similar to that in idiopathic MG in terms of AChR antigenic regions, suggesting a common immune mechanism (Tzartos et al., 1988). About 20% of d-penic

• The nAChR has been considered an

  2024-07-24

  

  The α7 nAChR has been considered an interesting potential target for numerous therapeutic indications over the last two decades, with GTS-21 one of the first candidates proposed for Alzheimer's disease [2], [3], [23]. Unfortunately, although many α7-selective agonists have been developed [21], none

• br Acknowledgments The authors would like

  2024-07-24

  

  Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Ms. Ashley Davis for her administrative assistance in preparing this article and Mr. Dan Beck for his artistic contributions to Fig. 1. Introduction Acetylcholine is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of insec

• Various cardiovascular diseases show a high occurrence

  2024-07-24

  

  Various cardiovascular diseases show a high occurrence of autophagosomes. Whereas basal autophagy is required for the proper functioning of cardiomyocytes [82], the deletion of Atg5 gene in myocardium shows a high risk of cardiomyopathy [83]. Hamacher et al. observed that an upregulation of Bnip3, a

• Apoptosis signal regulating kinase ASK also referred to as

  2024-07-24

  

  Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1, also referred to as MAP3K5)(Ichijo et al., 1997) participates in many different stress responses, including apoptosis (Chang et al., 1998, Chen et al., 1999, Ichijo et al., 1997, Kanamoto et al., 2000, Noguchi et al., 2008, Saitoh et al., 1998, Tobiume et

• There are in contrast many studies demonstrating that sex

  2024-07-24

  

  There are in contrast many studies demonstrating that sex steroids modulate Levonorgestrel receptor processing of stimuli related to reproduction and this correlates with the observation that steroid receptors and aromatase are expressed in many brain nuclei that are part of the olfactory, visual a

• Weak and transient interactions of HMGB proteins in

  2024-07-23

  

  Weak and transient interactions of HMGB proteins in such hit-and-run mechanisms are understandable given that “fluorescence loss in photobleaching” (FLIP) experiments employing GFP-labeled HMGBs have shown that in living cells they are the most mobile of all nuclear proteins [144]. The entire pool o

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