• The present study determined the effect of DCA on VSMC

  2023-01-05

  

  The present study determined the effect of DCA on VSMC calcification in vitro and in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice in vivo. We found that Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH non-toxic concentrations of DCA, did not affect VSMC viability, induced calcification of VSMC in culture and increased atherosclerotic vascular c

• Despite hydrolysis with commercial enzymes like trypsin

  2023-01-04

  

  Despite hydrolysis with commercial enzymes like trypsin, pepsin, Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Thermolysin have been used to digest parent proteins and generate peptides, microbial fermentation by proteolytic species has also proved to be a successful strategy (Fakhfakh et al., 2013, Jemil et al., 2016,

• MafB a member of the Maf protein

  2023-01-04

  

  MafB, a member of the Maf protein family, is essential for terminal differentiation of macrophages (Kelly et al., 2000). The phagocytic activity of polystyrene beads was found to be enhanced in 52 6 synthesis with exogenous expression of MafB (Tillmanns et al., 2007). However, in alveolar macrophag

• Several approved and or experimental drugs together with nat

  2023-01-04

  

  Several approved and/or experimental drugs, together with natural compounds, have been reported to induce autophagy in different cancer types [70], [71], [72] (Table 1). In the next paragraphs, we will review more in detail a group of these agents selected in relation to their promising future outco

• In PMCA Mg favors the conversion E P

  2023-01-04

  

  In PMCA, Mg2+ favors the conversion E1P → E2P [13] and, as in SERCA [11], it accelerates the phosphorylation displacing the E1–E2 equilibrium towards E1. In SERCA, Sørensen et al. [41], proposed that ATP reacts by an associative mechanism mediated by two Mg2+ ions to form an aspartyl-phosphorylated

• br Extracellular domain architecture The

  2023-01-04

  

  Extracellular domain architecture The extracellular region of GABAB receptor exists in a heterodimeric configuration regardless of interactions within the rest of the protein (Geng et al., 2012, Liu et al., 2004, Nomura et al., 2008). The extracellular domains of the GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits ar

• Activated MAP kinases transform the stimulus into the pathop

  2023-01-04

  

  Activated MAP kinases transform the stimulus into the pathophysiological responses by phosphorylating downstream substrates, including transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins involved in mRNA translation (Li et al., 2015). Among the numerous effectors that intervene in the TNF-α action is an ac

• In previous years evidence emerged that inferred

  2023-01-04

  

  In previous years, evidence emerged that inferred secondary metabolites in plants might exhibit a potential arginase inhibition [36]. In a recent study, Pham and co-workers showed the inhibitory activity of chlorogenic Fucoidan (7) and piceatannol (8) (Fig. 3b) on mammalian arginase with IC50s of 10

• Aldose reductase ALR EC the first enzyme in the polyol

  2023-01-04

  

  Aldose reductase (ALR2, EC1.1.1.21), the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, is a monomeric oxidoreductase that catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl compounds, especially glucose. In this metabolism pathway, glucose is firstly reduced to sorbitol catalyzed by ALR2 wi

• cathepsin g Previous studies suggest that TGF contributes to

  2023-01-04

  

  Previous studies suggest that TGF-β contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic renal injury [47]. TGF-β stimulates matrix production and prevents matrix degradation, which leads to increase collagen deposition and glomerulosclerosis [48]. In the current study ABT702 significantly reduced renal coll

• br Colabeling evidence for ACh and GABA cotransmission Thoug

  2023-01-04

  

  Colabeling evidence for ACh and GABA cotransmission Though functional demonstrations of ACh/GABA cotransmission remain largely limited to the retina and our recent analyses of cortex (Lee et al., 2010, Saunders et al., 2015a, Saunders et al., 2015b), evidence suggestive of ACh/GABA cotransmission

• The overall adjustment the non

  2023-01-02

  

  The overall adjustment, the non-toxicity and the addiction-free treatment methods are the advantages of EA. EA treatment for depression has achieved great clinical effect in recent years (Dong et al., 2017). The clinical practice guideline of the American college of physicians (ACP) have pointed out

• Introduction The first use of the term autophagy by

  2023-01-02

  

  Introduction The first use of the term “autophagy” by a French physiologist, M. Anselmier, in a short article describing the effects of fasting in mice published in 1859, took place almost a century before Christian De Duve described it from a mechanistic point of view in a symposium on lysosomes i

• Similar studies in Swedish Mutation of

  2023-01-02

  

  Similar studies in Swedish Mutation of APP AD transgenic mice revealed reduced dynamin 1, AP180, and synaptophysin expression in the hippocampus, particularly prominent in the CA1 and CA4 subfields [19]. These findings imply that Aβ can act not only as a modulator of exocytosis but is a potent regul

• AMP activated protein kinase AMPK is composed of

  2023-01-02

  

  AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is composed of α-, β-, and γ-subunits [17,18]. Phosphorylation of α-subunit at Thr-172 residue is essential for AMPK activation [17,18]. The serine/threonine kinase coordinates metabolic pathways in response to energy supply and demand [17,18]. Studies have shown

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